V? Qu?c D?ng
Bi ny t?ng h?p nh?ng d? ki?n lin quan ??n Th? t?c Khi?u n?i c?a H?i ??ng nhn quy?n LHQ v?i m?c ?ch gip cho ng??i ??c hi?u v d? s? d?ng th? t?c quan tr?ng ny. Tr??c khi ?i su vo chi ti?t, ng??i ta c?n hi?u tinh th?n c?a th? t?c ny l nh?m gip ?? cho cc n?n nhn trong s? h?p tc v?i qu?c gia n?i x?y ra v? vi ph?m. V H?i ??ng Nhn quy?n LHQ khng ph?i l to n nn th? t?c ny khng th? g?i l m?t v? ki?n ???c. Cc bi?n php ??i ph m H?i ??ng Nhn quy?n ??a ra khng mang tnh cch ch? ti. Bi?n php n?ng nh?t l ??a v?n ?? ra bn lu?n trong m?t phin h?p cng khai.
H?i ??ng Nhn quy?n LHQ v Th? t?c Khi?u n?i (Complaint Procedure)
Vo ngy 15/3/2006, ??i h?i ??ng LHQ ? cho thnh l?p H?i ??ng nhn quy?n (Human Rights Council, HRC) ?? thay th? U? h?i Nhn quy?n (Commission on Human Rights) b? ch? trch l ho?t ??ng thi?u h?u hi?u. Sau h?n m?t n?m bn th?o, ngy 18/6/2007, HRC ? thng qua quy?t ngh? 5/1 v? c? c?u t? ch?c trong ? c vi?c thi?t l?p m?t th? t?c m?i g?i l Th? t?c Khi?u n?i (Complaint Procedure) nh?m t?o ph??ng ti?n cho m?i ng??i ? m?i n?i trn th? gi?i c th? t? co nh?ng v? vi ph?m nhn quy?n tr?m tr?ng. Tuy g?i l m?i nh?ng Th? t?c Khi?u n?i l h?u thn c?a Th? t?c 1503 n?i ti?ng c?a U? h?i Nhn quy?n th?i tr??c. Do ? v? n?i dung v th? th?c, Th? t?c Khi?u n?i khng khc nhi?u v?i Th? t?c 1503. Th? t?c Khi?u n?i ???c c?i thi?n h?n v? m?t minh b?ch (xx thm ph?n: Vi?c thng tin cho ng??i g?i ??n) v v? th?i gian c?u xt. Th? t?c ny b?o ??m r?ng th?i gian t? lc g?i h? s? cho qu?c gia lin h? ??n lc n ???c ??a ra c?u xt t?i H?i ??ng Nhn quy?n LHQ s? khng ko di qu 24 thng.
a. M?c ?ch
Th? t?c Khi?u n?i c?a H?i ??ng Nhn quy?n ???c dng ?? ??a ra nh?ng v? vi ph?m th b?o nhn quy?n v quy?n t? do c?n b?n x?y ra theo nh?ng d?ng m?u nh?t qun v ???c ki?m nh?n l xc th?c ? b?t c? n?i no trn th? gi?i v trong b?t c? hon c?nh no (consistent patterns of gross and reliably attested violations of all human rights and all fundamental freedoms occurring in any part of the world and under any circumstances). C?n ch r?ng Th? t?c Khi?u n?i ch? c?u xt v? nh?ng v? vi ph?m th b?o x?y ra theo nh?ng d?ng m?u nh?t qun v ???c ki?m nh?n l xc th?c. Nh? v?y th? t?c ny khng c?u xt cc tr??ng h?p vi ph?m ??n l?. Ngoi ra v? vi ph?m ph?i c tnh ch?t th b?o v ph?i x?y ra m?t cch c h? th?ng. Thm vo ?, nh?ng thng tin ??a ra ph?i ? m?c ?? ?ng tin c?y. Khng c nh?ng tnh ch?t ny m?t v? vi ph?m s? khng ???c ch?p nh?n c?u xt theo Th? t?c Khi?u n?i c?a H?i ??ng Nhn quy?n.
b. ??c ?i?m
??i t??ng xem xt c?a th? t?c ny l t?t c? m?i nhn quy?n ghi trong B?n Tuyn ngn Nhn quy?n Qu?c t?, khng phn bi?t ? l quy?n dn s?, chnh tr?, kinh t?, x h?i hay v?n ho. Nh?ng v? vi ph?m nhn quy?n ? b?t c? qu?c gia no c?ng c th? b? ?em ra c?u xt t?i ?y cho d qu?c gia ny khng tham gia hay k k?t vo b?t c? cng ??c hay th?a ??c nhn quy?n no.
Th? t?c Khi?u n?i c?a H?i ??ng Nhn quy?n LHQ l m?t th? t?c lm vi?c kn. Cc bu?i h?p ? m?i gia ?o?n c?u xt ??u khng ???c m? cng khai; k?t qu? th??ng khng ???c cng b?. L do chnh l H?i ??ng Nhn quy?n mu?n dng th? t?c ny ?? lm gia t?ng s? h?p tc v?i qu?c gia lin h?.
Nh?ng ??n khi?u n?i v c?n c? v v danh s? khng ???c ch?p nh?n. H? s? khi?u n?i c th? b? tn ng??i g?i ra, n?u ???c yu c?u – s? ???c chuy?n ??n cho qu?c gia lin h? ?? l?y ki?n. Ni chung Th? t?c Khi?u n?i mu?n b?o ??m s? v t?, khch quan, h?u hi?u, m?c ?ch h??ng v? s? gip ?? n?n nhn v h? s? ???c c?u xt trong th?i h?n nh?t ??nh (impartial, objective, efficient, victims-oriented and conducted in a timely manner).
Nh?ng thnh ph?n tham gia
a. Ng??i n?p ??n
B?t c? ai c?ng c th? g?i ??n ??n H?i ??ng Nhn quy?n ?? xin khi?u n?i theo Th? t?c Khi?u n?i (xx thm ph?n: tiu chu?n nh?n ??n)
b. T? Cng tc v? Thng tri (Working Group Communications, WG-C)
WG-C c nhi?m v? g?n l?c cc ??n khi?u n?i theo cc tiu chu?n ? ???c ??nh s?n ?? chuy?n nh?ng h? s? tuy?n ch?n cho T? Cng tc v? Tnh hnh (WG-S). Thnh vin c?a WG-C l 5 chuyn vin ??c l?p c trnh ?? chuyn mn cao. H? l ??i di?n c?a 5 khu v?c ??a l theo cch chia trong LHQ.?N?m thnh vin c?a WG-C hi?n nay l ng Shiqiu Chen (China), ng Emmanuel Decaux (France), ng Vladimir Kartashkin (Russian Federation), ng Miguel Alfonso Martnez (Cuba) v b Halima Embarek Warzazi (Morocco).
c. T? Cng tc v? Tnh hnh (Working Group Situations, WG-S) WG-S c nhi?m v? c?u xt n?i dung cc h? s? khi?u n?i do WG-C chuy?n sang d?a trn s? tr? l?i c?a qu?c gia lin h? v nh?ng h? s? m H?i ??ng Nhn quy?n ?ang c?u xt trong cng Th? t?c Khi?u n?i ny. Sau ? WG-S s? lm bo co v? v?n ?? ???c khi?u n?i v ??a cho H?i ??ng Nhn quy?n nh?ng ?? ngh? x? tr.
N?m thnh vin c?a WG-S hi?n nay l Angola, Bosnia and Herzegovina , Jordan, Italy v Nicaragua.
d. H?i ??ng Nhn quy?n LHQ: H?i ??ng Nhn quy?n s? ph?i l?y quy?t ??nh x? tr v? cc v?n ?? b? khi?u n?i.
Di?n ti?n vi?c c?u xt
a. ? T? Cng tc v? Thng tri (Working Group Communications) Sau khi nh?n ??n khi?u n?i v xt th?y n ph h?p v?i cc tiu chu?n nh?n ??n, WG-C s? chuy?n ??n ny ??n cho qu?c gia lin h? ?? l?y quan ?i?m v? nh?ng co bu?c ghi trong ??n khi?u n?i.
Sau ? WG-C s? ?nh gi xem nh?ng co bu?c vi ph?m nhn quy?n c x?ng ?ng ???c c?u xt ring hay khng, hay ph?i h?p h? s? khi?u n?i ny v?i nh?ng h? s? khc ?? nu ln ???c tnh ch?t vi ph?m th b?o nhn quy?n v quy?n t? do c?n b?n x?y ra theo nh?ng d?ng m?u nh?t qun v ???c ki?m nh?n l xc th?c. D?a vo ? WG-C s? quy?t ??nh chuy?n h? s? ny sang cho WG-S, ho?c quy?t ??nh gi? n l?i ?? ti?p t?c theo di thm hay lo?i b? n.
b. ? T? Cng tc v? Tnh hnh (Working Group Situations)
D?a trn nh?ng thng tin v ?? ngh? c?a WG-C, WG-S s? trnh v?i H?i ??ng Nhn quy?n m?t bo co v? nh?ng v? vi ph?m th b?o nhn quy?n v quy?n t? do c?n b?n x?y ra theo nh?ng d?ng m?u nh?t qun v ???c ki?m nh?n l xc th?c. WG-S c?ng c th? quy?t ??nh gi? h? s? l?i ?? ti?p t?c theo di.
c. ? H?i ??ng Nhn quy?n LHQ: H?i ??ng Nhn quy?n s? h?p v ??a ra quy?t ??nh cu?i cng v? h? s? khi?u n?i.
Nh?ng quy?t ??nh c?a H?i ??ng Nhn quy?n LHQ
H?i ??ng Nhn quy?n c th? ch?n l?a m?t trong nh?ng quy?t ??nh sau ?y:
?nh ch? vi?c c?u xt ??i v?i m?t tr??ng h?p;
Ti?p t?c theo di tnh hnh v yu c?u qu?c gia lin h? cung c?p thm thng tin;
Ti?p t?c theo di tnh hnh v ch? ??nh m?t chuyn vin ??c l?p ??ng ra gim st tnh hnh v lm bo co;
Ti?p t?c c?u xt s? v? m?t cch cng khai;
?? ngh? V?n phng Cao u? Nhn quy?n LHQ (Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, [OHCHR]) cung c?p cc h? tr? v? chuyn mn (technical support).
Tiu chu?n nh?n ??n
M?i ??n g?i vo Th? t?c Khi?u n?i ph?i h?i ?? m?t s? cc tiu chu?n nh?n ??n. M?t ??n khi?u n?i lin quan ??n m?t v? vi ph?m nhn quy?n v quy?n t? do c?n b?n s? ???c nh?n, ngo?i tr? tr??ng h?p:
N mang ??ng c? chnh tr? hi?n nhin v m?c ?ch c?a n khng ph h?p v?i Hi?n ch??ng LHQ, B?n Tuyn ngn Nhn quy?n Qu?c t? v cc cng ??c nhn quy?n ? ???c p d?ng; hay
N khng ch?a ??ng s? m t? th?c t? v? nh?ng l?i co bu?c ???c nu ra v nh?ng nhn quy?n ???c cho r?ng b? vi ph?m; hay
N dng l?i l? l?ng m?. ??n khi?u n?i v?n c th? ???c c?u xt n?u, sau khi lo?i b? l?i l? l?ng m?, n ?p ?ng ???c cc tiu chu?n nh?n ??n khc; hay
N khng ???c g?i t?i b?i m?t ng??i hay m?t nhm ng??i t? nh?n l n?n nhn c?a nh?ng v? vi ph?m nhn quy?n v quy?n t? do c?n b?n, hay b?i b?t c? m?t ng??i hay nhm ng??i, k? c? nh?ng t? ch?c phi chnh ph?, ho?t ??ng v thi?n theo nh?ng nguyn t?c v? nhn quy?n, khng ?eo ?u?i nh?ng quan ?i?m chnh tr? tri v?i qui ??nh c?a Hi?n ch??ng LHQ v cho r?ng h? c hi?u bi?t tr?c ti?p v ?ng tin c?y v? nh?ng vi ph?m ny; hay
N ch? d?a trn nh?ng bi t??ng thu?t ? ???c ph? bi?n trn ph??ng ti?n truy?n thng ??i chng; hay
N c trnh by v? nh?ng v? vi ph?m th b?o x?y ra theo nh?ng d?ng m?u nh?t qun v ???c ki?m nh?n l xc th?c nh?ng nh?ng v? ny ? hay ?ang ???c c?u xt b?i m?t th? t?c khi?u n?i khc c?a LHQ ho?c c?a m?t t? ch?c khu v?c c th?m quy?n v? lnh v?c nhn quy?n (th d? nh? Th? t?c ??c bi?t (Special Procedure) c?a H?i ??ng Nhn quy?n, th? t?c khi?u n?i t?i ??nh ch? c?a m?t cng ??c, cc th? t?c khi?u n?i khc c?a LHQ ho?c c?a cc t? ch?c khu v?c c th?m quy?n v? lnh v?c nhn quy?n); hay Cc ph??ng cch ?i b?i th??ng t?i qu?c n?i ? ch?a ???c t?n d?ng h?t, ngo?i tr? tr? tr??ng h?p ng??i ta tin r?ng nh?ng ph??ng cch ny c th? khng hi?u qu? ho?c c th? ko di khng h?p l.
Vi?c thng tin cho ng??i g?i ??n
Theo Th? t?c 1503 th?i tr??c, ng??i g?i ??n ? ch? nh?n ???c gi?y bo ? nh?n ??n. Sau ? ng??i ? s? khng cn nh?n ???c thng tin g n?a. Theo Th? t?c Khi?u n?i (m?i) c?a H?i ??ng Nhn quy?n LHQ, ng??i g?i ??n khi?u n?i s? ???c thng bo v? di?n ti?n c?a vi?c xt ??n, ngh?a l khi no ??n ? ???c vo s?, ??n c ???c ch?p nh?n ?? c?u xt khng, khi no ??n s? ???c ??a ra c?u xt, ??n c b? hon c?u xt khng v khi no ??n s? ???c ??a ra c?u xt chung cu?c.
??a ch? g?i ??n:
Human Rights Council and Treaties Division?Complaint Procedure?OHCHR-UNOG ?1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland ?Fax: (41 22) 917 90 11 ?E-mail: CP@ohchr.org
Ti li?u tham kh?o
a. Human Rights Council Complaint Procedure, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/chr/complaints.htm
b. HRC Complaint Procedure – Discussion Paper, http://en.heidi-barathieu-brun.ch/wp-archive/456
c. Complaint Procedure, http://www.ishr.ch/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=42&Itemid=64
d. A new chapter for human rights – A handbook on issues of transition from the Commission on Human Rights to the Human Rights Council, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung and International Service for Human Rights, June 2006
Ngu?n: http://vidan.org/thongtin-thamkhao/42-suutam/807-807
