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V V?n Qu?n
?? h?a: LK/Canva. ?nh: MIT News.
Vo thng 12/2020, Ta Cng l C?p cao c?a V??ng qu?c Anh (High Court of Justice) ? ban hnh m?t quy?t ??nh t? php c tn l Free Speech Union and Young v. Office of Communications. [1] Trong quy?t ??nh ny, Lin minh t? do ngn lu?n (Free Speech Union) ??i di?n cho cc c? quan truy?n thng V??ng qu?c Anh ? ?? ngh? h? th?ng ta n kh?i ??ng vi?c xem xt t? php (judicial review) ??i v?i cc quy ??nh c?a V?n phng Truy?n thng Chnh ph? Anh (the Office of Communications – Ofcom).
C? th?, quy ??nh ny yu c?u c? quan truy?n thng khng ???c pht sng hay t?o ?i?u ki?n cho cc cu?c th?o lu?n ch?t v?n chnh sch cng, cc nguyn t?c s?c kh?e ???c ki?n ngh? cho c?ng ??ng, cc ngu?n thng tin y t? cng c?ng, v.v. Nh?ng cu?c th?o lu?n v thng tin nh? v?y ???c dn nhn l gy h?i (harmful).
??n ?y, chng ta ph?i bn m?t cht v? khi ni?m judicial review (xem xt t? php) c?a h? th?ng t? php Anh.
Khng ??n gi?n ch? l m?t thu?t ng? php l bnh th??ng, permission for judicial review (ch?p thu?n xem xt t? php) l m?t bi?n php b?o v? chnh ph? Anh kh?i vi?c ph?i h?u ta tr??c m?i thch th?c php l ??n t? pha ng??i dn.
L lu?n c?a vi?c ??a ra tiu chu?n ny t??ng ??i ??n gi?n: D quy?n thch th?c t? php c?a c nhn, t? ch?c trong x h?i ??i v?i cc chnh sch c?a chnh ph? l quy?n hi?n ??nh; nh n??c c?n cn nh?c ngu?n l?c v p l?c m c? quan chnh ph? ?ang ph?i ??i m?t. Vi?n c?nh v?a ph?i gi?i quy?t v?n ?? hnh chnh, v?a ph?i xem xt cc tranh ch?p t? php v?i kh? n?ng ln ??n hng tr?m, hng ngn ??n kh?i ki?n cng lc trn ton qu?c ch?c ch?n khng c l?i cho vi?c qu?n tr? ??t n??c.
V v?y, tr??c khi ng??i dn Anh c th? kh?i ki?n chnh ph? Anh v? v?n ?? lin quan ??n chnh sch, h? c?n ph?i ??t ???c ch?p thu?n xem xt t? php (permission for judicial review). T?c l, ta n tr??c tin ph?i nh?n th?y ?y l m?t tranh ch?p c th? ???c cn nh?c (the claim is properly arguable), v khng c b?t k? ph??ng n gi?i quy?t thay th? no khc ngoi kh?i ki?n nh? m?t tranh ch?p t? php (lack of standing or an alternative remedy).
V? m?t qu?n tr? h? th?ng t? php, ?y l m?t th? t?c hay m Vi?t Nam c th? h?c t?p n?u th?t s? p d?ng ?ng tinh th?n c?a ng??i Anh.
Tr? l?i v?i cu chuy?n t? do ngn lu?n, bn kh?i ki?n kh?ng ??nh Ofcom khng c th?m quy?n ki?m duy?t thng tin ch? trn c? s? r?ng ngu?n thng tin ?y lm gi?m ni?m tin c?a ng??i dn vo chnh quy?n v cc chnh sch m h? l?a ch?n. Theo b?n thn ng??i vi?t, ?y l m?t quan ng?i chnh ?ng b?i tc d?ng lu di m vi?c ki?m duy?t t?o ra cho quy?n t? do ngn lu?n l khng h? nh?.
Tuy nhin, tr??c ta, ??i di?n c?a Ofcom cho r?ng quy ??nh c?a mnh khng ni v? cc th?o lu?n chnh tr? thng th??ng, m ni ??n nh?ng tuyn truy?n c th? gy ra tc h?i th?t s? cho nhu c?u b?o v? s?c kh?e cng chng c?a chnh quy?n.
V d?, cc thng tin nh? sng 5G t?o ra virus corona, hay thng tin ku g?i m?i ng??i khng nn gin cch x h?i, ho?c ni r?ng vi?c ?eo kh?u trang l khng c?n thi?t, v.v. ??u c kh? n?ng lm suy gi?m uy tn c?a chnh ph? v cc c? quan y t? cng c?ng, d?n ??n tc h?i th?t s? cho h? th?ng y t? v s?c kh?e c?a ng??i dn.
Theo ??i di?n c?a Ofcom, h? ch? ?ang c? g?ng ki?m sot hai lo?i th?o lu?n: m?t l ch?ng l?i hay thch th?c cc ngu?n thng tin y t? chnh th?c t? nh n??c, v hai, quan tr?ng khng km, l c th? gy r?i ro tr?c ti?p cho ng??i xem (direct risk of harm to the viewer).
B?ng cch ny, cng v?i vi?c vi?n d?n cc quy ??nh php l khc, Ofcom l lu?n r?ng quy ??nh c?a mnh l ph h?p v c gi?i h?n r r?t (narrowness).
M?t ch??ng trnh b? "tut ci" c?a London Live vo thng 4/2020. Trong ?, khch m?i David Icke trnh by cc thuy?t m m?u v? COVID-19. ?nh: London Real/ Youtube.
Sau ?, ta b?t ??u xem xt cc v d? m Ofcom ? th?t s? can thi?p. M?t trong s? ? l tr??ng h?p c?a knh truy?n hnh London Live. Trong m?t ch??ng trnh pht sng, phng vin v ng??i ???c ph?ng v?n c? sy cho thuy?t m m?u r?ng COVID-19 l s?n ph?m c?a cc chnh ph? v cc t? ch?c qu?c t? nh? T? ch?c Y t? Th? gi?i (WHO) nh?m thay ??i n?n kinh t? t? do v ??a n vo t?m ki?m sot c?a gi?i k? tr? qu t?c hi?n ??i.
Ta c?ng xem xt thm nhi?u kha c?nh khc c?a v?n b?n h??ng d?n t? pha Ofcom, v cc th?m phn th?ng nh?t r?ng ngn ng? v m?c tiu c?a v?n b?n ny l ?? t??ng minh.
V d?, v?n b?n ghi nh?n, cc nh ?i v?n c th? pht sng nh?ng ki?u thng tin ny n?u nh? h? mu?n. Tuy nhin, h? ph?i ??a ra ??y ?? thng tin v d?n ch?ng ?? m?nh ?? b?o ??m ng??i xem khng hi?u nh?m r?ng h? ?ang qu?ng b v ?ng h? cc ngu?n thng tin gy h?i ?.
D?a trn cc c? s? ny, ta cho r?ng Ofcom khng th?t s? ki?m duy?t hay ch?n ngu?n thng tin ??n v?i ng??i dn. [2]
C th? ni, quy?t ??nh t? php ny khng h? l m?t b??c li v? t? do ngn lu?n t?i V??ng qu?c Anh. Ng??c l?i, n gi?i thi?u thm nhi?u tiu chu?n php l gip chng ta v?a ki?m sot cc thng tin gy h?i trong ??i d?ch, v?a b?o v? quy?n t? do ngn lu?n v quy?n t? do thng tin.
Ch thch
1. Columbia Global Freedom of Expression. (2021, February 2). Free Speech Union and Young v. Office of Communications. Global Freedom of Expression. https://globalfreedomofexpression.columbia.edu/cases/free-speech-union-and-young-v-office-of-communications/
2. Free Speech Union & Anor v Office of Communications (OFCOM) [2020] EWHC 3390 (Admin) (09 December 2020) https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Admin/2020/3390.html
